Toghrul Guluzada

Bir sıra məsələlər Azərbaycan şirkətlər hüququnda qeyri-müəyyənlik, hətta paradoksal vəziyyətlər yaradıb.  Belə ki, Azərbaycan Respublikasında hüquqi şəxs formasında sahibkarlıq fəaliyyəti ilə məşğul olmaq üçün Azərbaycan Respublikasının mülki məcəlləsində və digər qanunlarda öz əksini tapan hüquq normalarının tələblərinə uyğun olaraq cəmiyyətlər yaradılaraq formalaşdırılır. Bir çox hüquq sistemlərində olduğu kimi, Azərbaycan qanunvericiliyində də cəmiyyətlərdə iştirakçı sayı ilə bağlı minimum və/və ya maksimum say həddələrinin müəyyən edilməsinə cəhd göstərilmişdir. Hüquqi şəxs formasında olan cəmiyyətlərdə iştirakçıların sayının nə qədər olması ilə bağlı qanunvericilikdə təzadlı məqamlara rast gəlinir. Təcrübədə bu məsələ hüquqşünaslar və hətta bununla əlaqəli olan müvafiq icra hakimiyyətlərinin mütəxəssisləri arasında qeyri-müəyyənlik yaradır. Deməli, Azərbaycan Respublikasının Mülki Məcəlləsi Məhdud Məsuliyyətli Cəmiyyətlə (MMC) bağlı belə bir tələb müəyyən edir:...

In short: Who are fiduciaries and What responsibilities do they have ? Individuals who hold positions of trust will generally be fiduciaries. This includes directors, senior managers within businesses and partners in professional partnerships. If such individuals breach their fiduciary duties, they risk having their remuneration (potentially including profit share) forfeited. This is in addition to having to pay damages.  In other words, a fiduciary is simply someone who undertakes to act on another’s behalf in circumstances giving rise to a relationship of trust and confidence. Examples of fiduciary relationships include those between trustees and the beneficiaries of a trust, and between agents and their principals. Company directors owe fiduciary duties to their companies, as can ordinary employees entrusted with a particular role of trust. However, the position is different for partnership (LLP) members. While LLP members will not ordinarily owe any fiduciary duties to ...

Now many variables has already come into play and the formal process has only just begun. The decision of the UK to leave the EU has a significant impact on the European economy as a whole. This process relates directly to future trading relations between the EU and the UK, but also to the impact on the EU more widely. Worth to mention that some EU agreements may be considered as precedents for BREXIT EU-UK relations, for instance, the agreements with Norway, Canada, Switzerland etc. However, taking into consideration the trade flow between EU and UK, those agreements are not even comparable. Approximately 44% of UK total exports in goods and services go to other EU countries (the USA is a close second). Important to mention that the British Government has declared its intention to pursue a ‘hard Brexit’, extracting the UK fully from the single market and seemingly also the customs union, with a view to pursuing a free trade agreement with the EU. This step is strongly ...

In order to keep the entrepreneur on track, there is a need not only for a financial audit, but for a legal audit as well.  A legal audit can help the entrepreneurs to assess the legal risk which is a part of the risk management in entities. Of course, the extent and complexity of the legal audit varies depending on the type, size and stage of growth of the company, the type of business, the number of shareholders and employees etc. A wide range of issues may be examined by performing a legal audit in the entity and some of them are as follows:  -choice and structure of the entity, corporate acts or documentation of the board of directors, utilization and protection of intellectual property rights including copyrights,  insurance coverage,  methods of marketing, pending and threatened litigation and/or arbitration, employment agreements, contractual negotiations and conclusion of them,  product liability, a review of sales and collection pract...

I believe that most of you encountered the situations when various entities such as restaurants, cafes, shops etc. did not provide you with the price list (menu) or provided you the price in foreign currencies, or no price was attached at a good for sale.  Did you ever react in these situations ?  Well, let me guess;  some of you did not, just did not want to waste a certain time on this matter, the others were just not aware of the rules stipulated below:  A ll legal entities (companies) or individual entrepreneurs (physical persons) are obliged by law to provide you with the price list (menu) for sale of any single item (good) or for rendering any kind of a service or to provide a price in the official currency of the place (country etc.) .  If lawyers express this by using a legal term, they would call it:  ' 'Violation of discipline of prices''   What does it mean ?   It means;   -absence of price list at good...

What do we know about choice of law in contracts?  A choice of law determines the validity, enforceability of the contract, the rights and obligations of the parties which are not always expressly written in the contract. It helps the parties of the contract to get compensation for damages, penalties, injunctions, interim measures etc. Because, not all issues are drafted and well regulated in the contract provisions agreed by the parties.  Some lawyers, businessmen do not see the seriousness of the choice of law clause in contracts. Today I read the article (‘ ’International Arbitration in London from the perspective of a civil law lawyer: Rome I Regulation and Contractual Penalties'' ) on Kluwer Arbitration Blog (http://kluwerarbitrationblog.com/2017/05/24/international-arbitration-in-london-from-the-perspective-of-a-civil-law-lawyer-rome-i-regulation-and-contractual-penalties/) about hidden sides of the non-choice of law and/or a choice of CISG rules (Convention on ...

I have recently received the below mentioned letter on the article   (the contractual aspects of Fifty Shades of Grey trilogy)  written previously by me.  First of all, let me express my gratitude that you have read and spent countless hours by analyzing this article. It is very delightful to receive such an analyzed opinion for this issue. Please be ensured that the confidentiality of this letter shall be observed and the letter is being published in an original copy:  Здравствуйте, Тогрул Пишет вам постоянная читательница вашего блога. Нет, я совершенно не разбираюсь в юриспруденции, я вообще блондинка, причем, это не метафора, а реальный оттенок моих волос. Ну, как реальный, крашеная… Зачем я все это вам рассказываю? : D  Итак, я искала информацию по брекзиту, а набрела на такой интересный анализ, с тех пор периодически проверяю вашу страницу на наличие обновлений.   Надо сказать, что пока я читала роман «Пятьдесят оттенков серого», я под...

Most systems of national corporate law do not recognize ‘reflective loss’ of shareholders. Which means that shareholders are not permitted to claim for reflective losses (i.e. indirect losses) incurred as a result of harm caused to their companies, particularly through a loss in value of their shares. This principle is called as ‘no reflective loss’’ under domestic corporate law. Reversely, this kind of claims for reflective loss are traditionally recognized under international investment law within the hundreds of bilateral investment treaties (BITs) that have been concluded during the last decades.  The origin of and the difficulties and imbalances stemming from this dichotomy are subject to research between international investment law and domestic corporate law, and will - as far as necessary – define possible solutions.  The level of the conflict between domestic corporate law and international investment law with regard to shareholder claims for reflective ...

Most of you have read the book   Fifty Shades of Grey   2011 erotic romance novel written by British author E.L. James and even have watched the movie.      Fifty Shades trilogy   that traces the deepening relationship between a college graduate, Anastasia Steele, and a young business magnate, Christian Grey. It is notable for its explicitly erotic scenes featuring elements of s*xual practices.   However, what do we know about the legal aspects of the contract suggested by Christian Grey to Anastasia Steele for conclusion ? Well, if the plot of the book is transformed into real life, then there would be raised several crucial questions about the characteristics and validity of the contract, in other words, if the contract might be enforceable or not.   Do you think people actually have such a contract with one another ? Well, there are some court precedents regarding such kind of contracts, however, lets discuss the validity of...

Theresa May has signed the letter that will formally begin the UK's departure from the European Union. Giving official notice under Article 50 of the Lisbon Treaty, it will be delivered to European Council president Donald Tusk later. The first step has legally been accomplished, however, Article 50 gives both sides two years to reach agreement, so unless both sides agree to extend the deadline, the UK will leave on 29 March 2019. As a result of Brexit, the UK will withdraw from the single market, which means in turn, the UK will start a new negotiation stage for the purposes to sign a trade agreement with the EU. From the legal point of me, the UK should prepare a Brexit bill, which shall detail the obligations of the UK to leave the EU. Also, the UK will leave the jurisdiction of the Court of Justice of the European Union. Therefore, mostly, trade disputes should be set up under a different mechanism which is still subject to discussions.  Apparently...